colleague, superiors, or subordinates) and where the employee finds it difficult to defend themself against these actions due to a perceived power imbalance between target and perpetrator. Workplace bullying refers to a systematic form of harassment where an employee persistently and over a period of time is exposed to negative actions from others at the workplace (e.g. Our work aligns with the sustainable development agenda to protect workers and reduce inequalities at the workplace. In addition, the review will increase our understanding of existing research gaps and enable us to make recommendations to address them. Such information is important regarding the development and implementation of effective measures and interventions against bullying. We expect that findings on outcomes of bystanding to workplace bullying will provide practitioners with an understanding of the effects workplace bullying may have also on non-targets and the workplace as a whole. A random effects meta-analysis will be conducted with the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software, version 3. The quality of evidence for an association between witnessing bullying and potential outcomes will be evaluated in accordance with the GRADE system. The methodological quality of the included studies will be assessed with a previously established checklist for studies on workplace bullying. Qualitative interviews and case studies will be excluded. Primary observational studies with cross-sectional or prospective research design, case–control studies, and studies with experimental designs will be included. Eligible studies should report empirical findings on any individual outcome variable assessed among witnesses to workplace harassment and bullying or any overlapping concept. Electronic databases will be searched using pre-defined search terms to identify relevant studies. MethodsĪ systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted. To achieve this aim, the review includes an assessment of which theoretical frameworks and methodological designs used in research so far and shed light on which confounders, mediators, and moderators that have been accounted for. The overarching aim of this planned systematic review and meta-analysis is therefore to determine whether witnessing bullying of others at the workplace is associated with health problems and lower well-being among the observers. Although bullying also is assumed to have significant ripple effects on bystanders, the empirical evidence for this line of research is highly fragmented and inconclusive. Most research on workplace bullying has examined the impact of the mistreatment on those exposed.
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